Black voters display diminishing support for the Democratic Party’s presidential candidate, Hillary Clinton. Early voting in battleground states, including North Carolina and Florida, show a 14 percent decrease in turnout in early voting among black voters. Two million voters, including many young and older African Americans, do not vote for the Democratic Party nominee in the general election despite strong appeals by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama for Clinton, with black voter turnout for the Democratic Party in 2016 dropping five percentage points from 2012.

Despite black and white independents serving as the margin of victory for President Obama, the Democratic Party rejects an alliance with independents. President Obama believes, but it has become apparent that it is not possible, to reform the Democratic Party from within.

Fulani leads “Who decided Hillary was best for the Black Community?” campaign challenging the Democratic Party’s support of Hillary Clinton over insurgency of Barack Obama, who reaches out to all Americans in his successful U.S. Presidential bid to become the first African American elected to the White House. Georgia Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney also runs as the Green Party’s presidential candidate this year.

Michael Bloomberg is elected Mayor of New York City running as a fusion candidate on the Independence Party and Republican Party lines and supports non-partisan electoral reforms. Garners 47% of the black vote in his 2005 bid. This black / independent alliance lays the groundwork for the 2008 U.S. Presidential election.

The Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies notes a discernible shift among African Americans away from the Democratic Party; Fulani brings Green Party candidate Ralph Nader to Harlem to build independent black support.

The Black Reformers Network is created by Dr. Fulani, along with physician Dr. Jessie Fields, Rev. Lawrence Anderson, and Juanita Norwood, among others, as part of the Reform Party, which was itself created through the networks of the briefly established Patriot Party in order to support structural electoral reforms.

Fulani runs for a second time for U.S. President as an independent. Her Committee for Fair Elections is designed to continue challenging bipartisan control of the political process. She also supports independent candidate Ross Perot, reaching out to his 20 million voters in the wake of the election to build a coalition third party.

After garnering three and a half million votes, Rev. Jesse Jackson is denied the Democratic Party presidential nomination. Following the election, upwards of 57% of black voters said they would voted for him in the general election as an independent had he decided to do so according to a poll by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research.

Black voters in Chicago challenge the Democratic Party by creating their own party, the Harold Washington Party, named after the first African-American mayor of Chicago, in order to represent the political interests of the city’s black population.

Black nationalists and socialists from across the nation, including Ron Daniels, Manning Marable, and Queen Mother Moore, convene in New Orleans to form the National Black Independent Political Party (NBIPP). Within two years the party effectively dissolves, and instead urges a “Black revolt within the Democratic Party.”